The Concept of Field Theory and Its Characteristics

Introduction Attempts to explain how individuals interact with the environment and how such interactions influence the process of decision-making have been made in psychology. In its summation, field theory holds that the coexisting factors in any surrounding play a critical role in controlling the manner in which people behave and eventually reason out (Embree, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept of Field Theory and Its Characteristics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper seeks to discuss the concept of field theory elaborately. The paper will review the numerous generic characteristics that apply in varying domains. The paper also evaluates the differences that exist between subjectivity and objectivity based on the theory’s constructs. The Generic Characteristics of Field Theory Field theory offers to give explanations about changes that occur in the states of given elements, such as a static field inducing movements in a particle that is charged (Kline, 1996). The theory, however, does not appeal to the changes that occur in the states of different elements. This characteristic is often likened to a vector, which may also be referred to in other quarters as a gradient or slope. The explanation falls outside the framework of sociology. For instance, it is difficult in attempting to persuade people how possible it is to describe occupational mobility. This has often been done through choosing an option, which ends up registering no changes. It is prudent to note that upward mobility also occurs in other varying forms, which are inherent in careers. The expectation among many people is that the upward mobility in particular careers will often affect people occupying given positions as long as ‘nothing happens.’ For change in state to occur, there has to be an interaction involving the field on the one hand, and the element’s existing state o n the other. For instance, a particle that is positively charged moves in a different direction compared to one that is negatively charged. This characteristic closely relates to the third one, which complements the whole point. The elements often have specific characteristics that eventually render them vulnerable to the effects of the field. In other words, different particles have different degrees, as well as directions of charge. From this characteristic, it can be argued that bodies without any mass are not by any means affected by a force within a gravitational field. In physics, there is no existent of a field that is known that has an effect on virtually all the particles. In this regard, therefore, the fact that there is a cluster of people unsusceptible to the effects of a social field does not succeed to disapprove claims concerning the field’s existence. It should not be a hard task trying to identify the right person to be subjected to the field. It acts in a si milar fashion to the magnetic field, which affects only some substances.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When there are no elements within the field, then there emerges a likelihood of the force being created. However, this happens without the existent of any force. With reference to the field, it should be noted that an internal energy often operates, which has the power to influence an element even where the two are not coming into contact. In addition, field theory mainly applies in cases where the substitute explanation entails action at a distance. This form of explanation, however, has had mixed reactions from different groups of people, with the western world mainly treating it with suspicious dislike as opposed to how the eastern world treats it (Delprato Smith, 2009). Although this distinction may seem hard to understand, a field takes up action, whereupon X affect s Y although the two never come into contact. What the field does to Y is direct inducement of potential energy. A continuous medium, such as a fluid, may be considered sufficient in aiding this, although its presence may not be of necessity for the local action. With X somehow having the potential to anchor the field, it is not, however, described that it actually affects Y. From the explanations on the fourth characteristic above, it can be concluded that it is not possible to directly measure the field itself. This, in addition to the discomfort that the West has over the idea of hard particles colliding with each other, is the main reason behind the idea of analysts only resorting to field theories after they have considered all the other options. A fifth characteristic of the field theory touches on it being organized and differential. According to Kline (1996), the field can be attributed to a vector whose force is possible, although the vectors do not resemble each other and their distribution is not random. The field, in this case, may be regarded in terms of topology owing to the fact that its deviations may include strength as well as direction of motion, which may be by mode of induction in a particle. This means that the field is made up of a slope upon which an object will definitely roll downwards. The field, therefore, is a representation of comprehensive regular occurrences within the social set up, which can be equated to the structures or systems of the organization. Field Theory Position: Differences between Subjective and Objective Approaches Field theory does not fully offer an explanation on the existing differences between subjective approach and objective approach. The modern day theories that include field theory only consider giving regular answers as opposed to elaborating on the links between constructivism and specific patterns.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept of Field Theory and Its Characteristi cs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This they do by only zeroing in on abstract patterns and their respective intersubjectivity. Alternatively, field theory also attempts to disregard the significance of intersubjectivity by pressing that constructivism and phenomena are actually one and should never be regarded as distinct. The main principle upon which field theory is founded actually fails to recognize the fact that phenomenology and objective description are two distinct concepts (Kahn, 2003). Field theorists strongly consider the world to be objective in the most absolute terms possible. The move by the theorists is informed more by their need to explain the ability of people to pilot the field. Such efforts only result in the admission that the field only contributes to the entire regularity as well as structure that is of desire, despite being a phenomenological construct worth being described as so. In other words, it can only be regarded as what is immediately encountered. The mapping of the field is not only arbitrary, but incomplete as well. What it turns out to be is reclamation of information that is needed for action, which is only organized based on the current position of an individual. What we retrieve from the environment directly is an urgent need for action. Because there lacks a need to arrange in category, the urge to change position is given priority, while the cognitive perception takes a lesser consideration. In this case, therefore, consciousness refers to the power to apprehend. However, the apprehension involves the concepts that make part of the world and its surrounding environment. The way we understand the social field can also be termed as direct, as well as couched within the socially built categories, which turn out to be relevant in as far as our conduct is concerned. There is the aspect of field theory drawing the implication that can be construed as knowledge of social perce ption, which flies in the dominant pseudo-Durkheimian orthodoxy face (Martin, 2003). Such an implication senses data coming in a form that is relatively disorganized and sorted on the basis of culture. What can be deduced from the above analysis is the fact that field theory implication offers a totally varying account. There is an obvious attempt to fundamentally organize percepts owing to the fact that they belong to an environment or world that contains unique principles of organization.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, all the perceiver does in this instance is to establish an ontological complicity to benefit from the pre-existing structural principles that make up the social order. This, in sociological circles, has been referred to as â€Å"causal texture of the environment†. Field theory fails to establish a cognitive map that is complete, which would allow one to consider any object that is unique and put it into other category set. Instead, a general assumption is held to the effect that everybody has the capacity to say what is expected of them at any given time. The general rule of this theory can be assumed to imply that things are what they are, or what they look like, and their looks instruct us on what to do with them. Looking at actors within an organization, the main force influencing their actions is not their own feelings but rather the environment within which they operate. In other words, they act in a cognitive manner that is devoid of cultural schemes, existing ind ependently from their psyches. As Khan (2003) argues in support of this idea, the actions can be considered to be only complimentary of what the environment offers. The other principal idea of field theory, which limits its effectiveness in explaining the difference between subjective and objective approaches, lies in its wedding of perception and apperception in a rich dualism that is theoretical. This is in itself interospecific visual information rather than exterospecific (Martin, 2003). In both cases, the person taking in information concerning the world remains relative to the person’s position in as far as the field is concerned. Conclusion Field theory forms a part of the numerous approaches that have been formulated to explain different phenomenon within the psychological world. The theory mainly expounds on the regularities within an individual action with regard to position. There are common characteristics about field theory, which include explaining the changes t hat take place in given elements when their state changes and the interaction between the existing states of elements, and the interaction they have with the field. Other characteristics include the elements having specific attributes that make them vulnerable to the field, as well as the field being differential and organized. However, field theory is inadequate in its explanation of the existing difference between subjective and objective approaches. References Delprato, D. J., Smith, N. W. (2009). Sketch of J. R. Kantor’s psychological interbehavioral field theory. The Psychological Record, 59(4), 671-678. Embree, L. (2003). Aron Gurwitsch’s theory of cultural-scientific phenomenological psychology. Husserl Studies, 19(1), 43-70. Kahn, P. H. Jr. (2003). Ape cognition and why it matters for the field of psychology. Human Development, 46(2-3), 161-168 Kline, T. J. (1996). Defining the field of industrial-organizational psychology. Canadian Psychology, 37(4), 205-209. Martin, J. L. (2003). What is Field Theory? American Journal of Sociology, 109(1), 1-49 This essay on The Concept of Field Theory and Its Characteristics was written and submitted by user Logan Chan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Capital Punishment misc2 essays

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Marketng - Research Paper Example This paper will analyze both the Coca Cola’s traditional marketing mix and the internet marketing mix with regard to its business operations in the UK market. While analyzing the company structure, it is clear that the power of Coke products raised the company to the top of the world’s soft drink industry. The company has been introducing timely changes in packaging. However, the company gives great emphasis on customer interests while introducing any change. For instance, Coca Cola introduced a new recipe for Coke in 1985 and it was rejected in the market. Subsequently, the company went back to the ‘classic’ Coke in order to better serve the customer needs (â€Å"Coke Lore..†). Currently, the company produces and markets over 2800 beverage products including Sprite, Fruitopia, and Fanta. The packaging size ranges from 300 mL to 2 litres. Surveys indicate that the Coke is one of the well known trade mark in the word. The company’s well brand image adds value to its market reputation. Coca Cola follows a competition based pricing strategy to maintain its market share since a large number of firms are operating under soft drink industry. Hence, the price of Coca Cola brands notably varies with time. However, it is identified that the company prices are readily accepted in the market due to its increased rate of demand. In addition, the company brings changes to its price structure in accordance with seasonal demand fluctuations. To illustrate, Coca Cola management sets higher prices for its drink products during the summer season and lowers the prices in the beginning of the winter season. Coca Cola is one of the leading global brands and hence it is easily available across the globe. Presently, Coca Cola products are distributed to more than 200 countries under nearly 450 brands (â€Å"The chronicle..†). The company specifically focuses on needs and preferences of each region or country

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The Life Of Sachin Tendulkar Essay

The Life Of Sachin Tendulkar Essay As said by the legend Amitabh Bachchan himself Sachin (Tendulkar) is the heartbeat of our nation. The country breathes every time he goes out to play and when he is out, the country stops breathing. Demi God, The Master Blaster, Bombay Bomber, the little master, Sach, slashin sachin, 4+6=10ulkar, 10ulkar, God of Cricket and so on and so forth . This is the presence of Sachin Tendulkar in the World Cricket. One sports personality who still remains uncorrupted and unassuming as ever. Champion in the Making Early life and beyond Sachin Tendulkar comes from a humble and cultured background of a middle-class family. His father, Prof. Ramesh Tendulkar was a poet and a professor of Marathi Literature. Prof Ramesh eldest son Nitin also became a literary and poet and was recognized by the state government for his first book. But it was not Nitin Tendular who needed constant vigilance; it was the familys youngest, the trouble maker MASTER SACHIN was. When young he played in the playground day and night without wanting to come back home for his afternoon meals and nap. Sometimes his grandmother or mother would have to tie up one of his legs to a wooden chair so that he does not go out playing yet again and then go back to their knittings. Sachin attended Sharadashram Vidyamandir (High School) and began his cricketing career under the guidance of his mentor and coach, Ramakant Achrekar. Sachin used to practice for hours in the nets. When he got tired his mentor would put a One Ruppee coin on the stumps, and the bowler who would be able to dismiss Sachin would get the coin. If on the other hand Sachin would pass the whole session without getting dismissed, the coach would give him the coin. Sachin today considers his 13 coins he had won, some of his most prized possessions. Humility and Credibility has always been in Sachins innate nature and his strongest of allies from his days of nobody to a super celebrity. In his early years also, as told by his elder brother, he has not once seen sachin behave in an insensitive or arrogant manner. Respect and Responsibility: A quality which is not replaceable is his respect for his elders. Before embarking on his tour he never forgets to take the blessings of his elders in the family. And also he never forgets to buy each of his family members something when he returns from the tour. There is another endearing quality that Sachin has, which is he never gets angry. He has no known enemy in the media circuit neither does he have any favorites. To those who have offended and criticized him by their writings, he has only one philosophy: Pressmen too are entitled to having their bad days. Sachin allows nothing to affect him. In the early years of his career, he understood his responsibility towards Environment and social responsibility. He had never endorsed any alcohol brand, cigarettes and pan masala, when other of his counter parts were endorsing the same. The Person: At the age when others play gully cricket,, Sachin was already shoulder to shoulder with names like Kapil Dev and Mohammed Azharuddin. There is unanimity that achievement and fame has not changed Sachin a bit even though he had started earning exceeding well very early in his career. And today also, apart from his passion for Luxury Cars and Fast Driving his interest still remains of a middle class person Family, Music, good food and Friends. Even though Sachin is a private person but he is not a hermit. He is frivolous and fun-loving when and where he wants to be. One more aspect is that sachin is very kind-hearted which is imprinted in him even today because of his upbringing and values given by his parents. His parents had always given their children liberty to do what they want and they made sure that this trust was never breached. Even when the decision of changing Sachins School came, sachins father spoke to him to know his feelings even at that young age. Sachin: The Patriot As noticed by photographer Pradeep Mandhani retells that when Sachin had landed in Johannesburg in 1992-1993 for a tour to South Africa, the team had to visit the Tolstoy Farm, Mahatma Gandhis first Satyagrah Movement, founded in 1910. The Indian player showed little interested as they wanted to rest first, but that did not stop the young inquisitive Sachin to stop his questions from the guide about our Father of the Nation. Still a teenager and hungry for information about Mahatma Gandhi showed his pride for the Nation. On his tour to Pakistan in the year 1997, Joseph Hoover, a journalist, suggested sachin about doing something for the underprivileged of the society. He immediately agreed and asked him his plans, and he had no plans as it was a casual remark. But within minutes he arranged for bats to be sent to Bangalore which the players would sign and later they will be auctioned. Man of his word: Sachin became the first overseas player to be a part of Yorkshire. He had assured his presence for the benefit. The coordinators were scared that it would be a huge blow if he will not turn up. But when called, he unworriedly told him that when he gives his word, he honors it. Sachin kept his word. Sachins standing and reputation is such that when he was wrongly accused of ball tampering the whole Nation rose protest the allegation. The sentiments of the masses were told by former BCCI president NKP Salve when he said that Sachin cannot cheat. He is to cricket what Gandhi Ji was to politics. It was clear discrimination in his opinion. The ICC (International Cricket Council) was enforced to explain that Sachins only mistake was to remove the grass of the ball without informing the umpire, which is not ball tampering. Even after being born and brought uo in a Marathi family, Sachin has never protested or shown any prejudice against North Indians like the Shiv Sena (political party in Maharashtra) who have unleashed an anti-north Indian campaign. Bal Thackeray ( party president) lasted his anger at Sachin, when he had quoted that Mumbai is a part of India and that how he sees it. He also said that he is a Maharashtraian and am extremely proud of that, but first he is an Indian. These remarks by Sachin were of a true Indian who does not belong to one particular state but a country first. A true Patriot à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Inspirational: Sachin had failed in exams in Boards. At that time, it was considered shameful to fail in school, but that did not stop his love and passion for cricket. A persistent back problem flared up when Pakistan had come for a tour in India in 1999, and India lost a historic test series, despite a rough century by Sachin. Worse was to come when Sachins father, Prof. Ramesh Tendulkar passed away in the middle of 1999 Cricket World Cup. Sachin led India tour to Australia after being named the new captain, where they lost the series by the new world champions. Sachin gave up his captaincy and Sourav Ganguly took over as captain in 2000. Sachin had made 673 runs in 11 matches in the 2003 World Cup which led to India playing in final against the defending champions- Australia. While Australia reserved the trophy, sachin was awarded the Man of the Series. Sachin made his mark in the drawn series of India tour to Australia in 2003-2004 in the last test series where he made a double century. In 2004, eyebrows were raised again when Sachin injured his elbow, leaving him out of sight for almost a year, coming back only for a test series with Austalia in India. He did play his part in Indias win in the Mumbai Test but the series went to Austalia in 2004. After his tour to England in 2006, the news of his shoulder operation raised more question of his longevity in cricket.And today he is the worlds best, and the highest earning cricketer. His attitude towards life and the game is what should inspire us. Dedication: In the year 1998-1999, Australian Cricket Team was scheduled to tour India for a Test Match and Tri Series. Although the Australian team had great players like Steve Waugh, Mark Taylor, Mark Waugh and Ian Harley, there was this one guy who had made ripples in the cricket world that was Shane Warne. Even though the Indian team were good against spinners but this guy had it in him to swindle the Indians in their home ground. Preceding the test series the Australian Team was scheduled to play a warm up match with Mumbai Ranji Trophy Team in Mumbai. Sachin was also to feature in that game for Mumbai. Sachin was aware of the hazard which Shane Warne could pose and hence about one month before the Australian Team arrived in Mumbai, he had sent a SOS to Laxman Shivaramakrishnan (a former Indian Leg spinner). Sachin arranged for him to come to Mumbai so that he could practise against various leg spinners as Shivaram was a good exponent of the googly and flipper. Sachin practised along with him everyday for 5-6 hours in the heat for around 20 days before the Australian Team arrived in Mumbai. They say God helps those who help themselves and Patience is the key to Success. And so it was in case of Sachin Tendulkar. In this warm up game, sachin smashed Shane Warne and the fellow Australians and scored a glorious 204 and the rest is history. Later on he played Shane Warne with no difficulty Practise is the simplest thing which we should focus for instead we move around for other things which never guarantee success and even if it would have given success, it would be short term nature. Sachin is a person who gives a lot of attention to values and things that matters to him, be it how small they are from others perspective. Like many sports personalities, Sachin also has his own superstitions and mementos which he holds a special place in his life. As an example, Sachin was gifted with a pair of pads by his cricket hero Sunil Gavaskar when he was a school. And when he made his Test debut for India against Pakistan aged just 16-years old in 1989 wearing those very pads Lessons from his Journey: Dedication and Commitment His hard work at the nets is just an example of how dedicated Sachin Tendulkar is to the game of cricket. He has in the process not only mastered the techniques of shot making but also has invented shots which bear his signature. An aspiring speaker should also be dedicated to his art, he should spend long hours researching, preparing and rehearsing his speeches. He should become sound in his understanding of the art. Passion and Drive to Excel If he fails at batting, youll see him make up for it in the field. Either hell get some crucial wickets or take brilliant catches or make extra effort in preventing runs from being scored. If nothing of this happens, hell be there with a right piece of strategy for the captain. The bottom line is simple: He has a great passion for the game. And he pushes himself to excel each time he goes out to play. An aspiring speaker should show great passion for public speaking. He should be driven by the quest for excellence and never settle for mediocrity. Enjoying the Game As you watch Sachin Tendulkar play, youll never have a feel that he is at work. He is always at play, enjoying the game. That is perhaps the greatest secret of success. Enjoying what you do in life. Most speakers look at their given assignments with dread. This is a defeatist attitude. Instead, if the speaker can learn to enjoy his time on stage, hell come up with better performances. Hell then engage the audience with some cherished moments of inspiring integration of words and action; thought and emotion, style and substance. The Audience Factor Sachin Tendulkar will be remembered not just for the volume of runs or the number of centuries he made. Instead hell be remembered most for the way in which he played the game. How he entertained, how he mesmerized, how he took the battle to the opposition often single-handedly, how he wrote poetry with his foot movements, balance, poise and delicate touches with the bat. In short, he entertained. Aspiring speakers can learn something from him in this regard. It is not just delivering some words committed to memory that counts, but how you can entertain the crowd. That is how lively and interesting your presentation was to the audience. Planning and Pacing the Innings None of Sachins great innings happened by chance. Instead it was careful planning and precise execution of it that helped him achieve success. Life too is an innings that we play. We need to learn how to pace our innings. There are times to go slow; there are times to accelerate. There are moments to be still and there are times to cut loose. An aspiring speaker should note that great speeches have a cadence of their own. There is music and rhythm in it. There is occasional rise and fall. Sometimes the delivery of the speech sounds like a hurricane; and at other times it soothes like still soft music. Effective is the man who has learned to keep his performance within his allotted time. Raising the Level of the Game Great champions need great opposition to bring out the best in them. Sachin Tendulkar is no exception. His ability to raise the level of his game during demanding situations has often been proved. When that happens there is a different quality to his game. There is something different, something that cant be defined, and something that seems out of the ordinary in his game. Great speakers too raise their level of performance when the mood, the occasion and the content of their speech demand it of them. Like how Tendulkar makes his batting look so much easy because he hides his art in it. So also a speaker should lay hold of his art in such a way so as to make it look so easy. It is at such moments great art is witnessed and heard by the audience. Consistency and Perseverance Sachin Tendulkar has had his moments of failure. Those moments prove to us beyond doubt that he is an ordinary human being just like one of us. But what makes him different is his ability to be patient when his critics cry out for his blood. Instead of speaking he lets his bat do the talking. And his long and illustrious career has been one long string of achievements that has shut the mouths of his critics. His averages in both versions of the game are testimony to his consistency and perseverance. Speakers need to be consistent. They should earn a reputation by consistently delivering well. At the same time they should also learn to persevere when bad days come. The secret is to keep on doing what youre good at and maintain the confident belief that if you had done well in the past you can do better in future. ACHIEVEMENTS: Sachin is broadly regarded as one of the greatest batmen in the history of world cricket. He holds the world record for the most number of Man of the Match (MoM) and Man of the Series (MoS) awards in ODI matches. Sachin Tendulkar is the most inexhaustible run scorer in one-day internationals with 17,598 runs. With a current aggregate of 13447 Test runs, he exceeded Brian Laras previous record count of 11,953 runs as the highest run scorer in the test matches in 2008 in Mohali, India. Sachin regarded this as one of his biggest achievements in the 19 years of career. He also holds the record of highest number of centuries in ODI cricket (46) as well as Test (48). Sachin has scored over 1000 runs seven times in a calendar year in ODIs, and he scored 1894 runs in 1998, easily the highest record for the runs scored by any player in a single calendar year for one day internationals. Sachin became the first player ever to reach 10,000-11,000-12,000-13,000-14,000-15,000, 16,000 and 17,000 ODI runs Official Awards Arjuna Award, for achievements in Cricket in 1994. Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1997 Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Indias highest sporting honor 1997/1998 Indias fourth highest civilian award- Padma Shri in 1999 Indias second highest civilian award: Padma Vibhushan in 2008 Sachin has become a mentor for the youth with his dedication, love and passion for the game and his country. He is an inspiration to every individual in India and the world.

Creole Men of The Awakening by Kate Chopin Essay -- essays research pa

In Kate Chopin’s novel, The Awakening, the Creole men are as diverse and different as Edna. Kate Chopin’s story centers around a woman, unsatisfied with her life in a man dominated society. The three main male characters resemble typical men of that era. Chopin shows the diversity of each of those three characters- Roberts awakening, and the struggle to do the right thing, Alcee and his carefree and unconcerned attitude towards society's expectations, and Mr. Pontiller, a business man, with little time left for wife and family. In exploring these three men in Kate Chopin’s The Awakening, there are certain aspects of each that are the same. All live in the 1800’s were morale reputation was considered to be the utmost importance to the businessman. Yet, Alcee seems unconcerned with any morale or business responsibility. In exploring the character of Robert, who seems to be at a crossroad in his life, doesn't know weather he should search for his fortune, find a wife, prosper, and be respectable, or do the unthinkable and just follow his heart. But he ends up going to Mexico to work because he knows his love for Edna will always be forbidden. Mr. Pontellier is the typical Creole husband and businessman. â€Å"Leonce is convinced that fulfilling monetary needs excuses the paucity of time he spends with the children, never presuming that some needs cannot be monetarily satisfied: {â€Å"He has his hands full with his brokerage business †¦making a living for his family on the street†(885)} Perhaps because he is aware of his own neglect, Leonce projects his guilt onto Edna, "expecting a flawles mammal performance on her part to remedy his domestic absence.† (Patrsn, Out Of A Convention of Awakening, np) Patterson describes Leonce has having ... ...a tragic loss. Mr Pontieller will remarry as soon as the proper mourning period has passed because he has his two sons, who need a mother, to think about. Meanwhile Leonce’s mother keeps the boys with her so Leonce can conduct business as usual. Alcee truly misses his friend and mourns her loss for a while. Then his attentions are drawn to some other woman, and Edna is forgotten. Robert takes it the hardest. He truly loved Edna and harbors some guilt for her death. He mourns Edna’s loss and doesn't listen to gossip of mental instability as others talk about her. Robert takes a long time to find another love, but eventually, he finds the love of his life, and only thinks, on occasion, of Edna. Eventually, all the men in Edna's lives move on. Weather they continue to think about her or not, the impact she made on their lives is what makes them the men they are now.

Promotion of Effective Communication †Workbook Essay

Question  1 Look at your company’s policies and procedures on completing records and maintaining effective communication, what is your role? Answer: I browsed and read my organisation’s policy regarding the service user’s rights and those legislations which promotes equality, diversity, and discrimination. a. Each service user has a right to information regarding their care service that does not discriminate on the basis of race or ethnic origin, creed, colour, religion, political affiliation, disability or impairments, marital status, parenthood, sexual gender or sexual orientation. b. Each service user has the right of access to their personal care records and to comment on them accordingly. Service users have the right to appoint an advocate to make their wishes and preferences known if they are unable to do so. c. Each service user has the right to be assured that no personal or confidential information concerning their affairs will be disclosed to a third party without their express permission. d. Each service user has the right to communicate using their preferred methods of communication and language. When completing records and reports look through your staff hand book or induction pack you were given at work and explain any rules and regulations or policies you need to follow when completing records and reports at work some of which might include: †¢ Records should be completed as soon as possible after the event †¢ Details should be accurate †¢ Details should be relevant †¢ Details should be legible †¢ Details should clearly indicate if it is a fact, opinion or hearsay. Opinions are acceptable as long as it is clearly stated as such. †¢ Always record as little as possible but detailed and as much as necessary. 2, 3, 10, 11 Describe ways that you provide support to individuals to communicate their needs. How might your communication alter with different individuals ? What aids might be used to support effective communication ? Answer: To support individuals and key people to communicate their needs you will need to: a. Arrange the individual’s environment to facilitate effective communication and promote understanding. This can be done by ensuring privacy going into a quiet room, if the area is noisy because of the volume of a radio or television it needs to be reduced. Poor lighting in the room needs to be changed and some more that you can think of. b. As a care worker you need to check that the individual have the appropriate support to communicate their views. This could be making sure the individual who uses glasses and an hearing aid is supported by making sure the glasses is at client’s reach or that hearing aids is switched on and working properly. c. Appropriate styles and methods of communication should be used with respect to the individual. Such as: Active listening – showing be gestures that you are listening, sitting or standing half turned away gives the message that you are not listening. Responding appropriately – nodding your head.  Good body language and maintaining eye contact – Leaning forwards can be used effectively when you want to emphasize your interest or support. The methods that can be used to communicate effectively are: a. Support equality and diversity †¢ This can be done by using appropriate language that the service user understands also using the appropriate register of language, for instance not using phrases that could be referred to as jargon. Another method is to use the appropriate way of speaking within a speech community. For instance communicating with young people may mean using their style of language e.g. what’s up with you, hello mate. †¢ Provision of communication aids and use of non-verbal communication if service user has hearing or vision impairments or learning and physical disabilities. b. Are effective when dealing with, and challenging discrimination †¢ Working with key people demands that you communicate in a language that they understand and also using simple words. For example the use of clinical words that is not commonly understood would not be necessary if you know they are not familiar with them. †¢ Sometimes we come across people who cannot understand us for one reason or the other instead of ignoring them it would be helpful to source a skilled interpreter but we still need to make effort to communicate with the person by learning some of the ways of communication or a few useful words from their language. The methods to support individuals to communicate are: Ensure environment is suitable (lighting, noise background) Provide interpreter if necessaryAllow sufficient time for individuals to understand the content of communication. Use relevant aids for communication (e.g. cards, symbols, hearing aids, large print) Provide advocate to speak for a service user Ensure written material is in suitable formats or language. Specific aids that may be used to support effective communication : Aided communication is communication supported or replaced by materials or equipment. There are simple materials or equipment used everyday such as a pen and paper to write messages, alphabet charts, pictures or symbols or photographs. Communication aids can be categorized into 3 broad groups: Symbolic Aids This is commonly the use of signs and symbols, it requires individuals to undertake a form of training on the correct forming of signs used and types of symbols: †¢ British Sign Language – used as a communication aid for individual with hearing loss. †¢ Makaton – used as an aid to support speech and not intended to replace it. †¢ Picture Exchange communication systems (PEC) – This aid helps individuals to be independent as they able to exchange a picture for what they want from a compiled album of pictures. †¢ Deaf – Blind manual alphabets – Slightly modified version of the BSL. Finger- spelling alphabet is used. Technical Aids †¢ Talking microwaves – usually for individuals with sight loss †¢ Computers – which read out the text on the screen. †¢ Light writer – this is a portable device into which the individual types in what they would want to say. Human Aids †¢ Interpreter – is a person who supports the communication between two people who do not have the same language. This also includes the sign language. †¢ Translator – is a person who changes the written word into an easier format for the individual to read. This could be into Braille or symbols. †¢ Advocate – This is someone who speaks on behalf of an individual when they are not able to do so. 4, 5, 19 In relation to the promotion of effective communication, give examples of what you do to maintain the following laws and guidelines: a) Data Protection Act b) Access to Health Records Act c) The General Social Care Council Code of Conduct d) Standard 37 National Minimum Standards for Care Homes e) Caldicott Report Answer: a) To maintain Data Protection Act it is necessary to complete the records as soon as possible after the event and always record as little as possible but detailed and as much as necessary; to make sure that the details are accurate, relevant and legible and that they clearly indicate if it’s a fact, opinion or hearsay. Another important thing is that opinions are acceptable as long as it is clearly stated as such. The information shared by the individuals must be confidential to ensure data protection. In case that the information suggests that the client is under risk, the consent of the individual needs to be obtained before passing the information to an appropriate member of the staff, and even when the consent is not given it becomes important to report. b) To maintain the Access to Health Records Act I have to make sure that the records are accurate, legibly written, shareable so that the information can be used to provide individuals with the support and care required. The  members of a care team are fully informed of new developments and changes in a client’s care plan and the evidence of the actions taken in specific circumstances are available if the need arises. I can access information and records about an individual by: talking to the service user, accessing previous records after permission has been sought from the appropriate person, talking to colleagues who know the individual, to family members or to other professionals c) To maintain The General Social Care Council Code of Conduct, as a social care worker, I must establish and ensure the confidence of service users and carers. This includes: communicating in an appropriate, open, accurate and straightforward way; respecting confidential information and clearly explaining agency policies about confidentiality to service users and carers. I must be accountable for the quality of my work, I have to maintain clear and accurate records required by procedures established for my work. 6,7 Where can you find out about an individuals communication and language needs, information about communication and language skills to improve your practice ? Answer: I can find out about an individuals communication and language needs by asking my manager or the service user, discussing with other care workers who know the individual, talking to family members, to a speech therapist or other professionals for advice, exploring the internet or consulting a library for more information. In order to improve my practice, I can find out about information, communication and language skills by asking my supervisor or manager, or colleagues who have confronted with similar cases. I can also consult the case notes of the individual, or relevant documents provided by the organization that will help me learn how to communicate effectively – for example the induction manuals, search for information via the internet or specialist organizations for the particular condition, attend relevant training courses to communication, supervision and appraisal sessions. 9  What factors may affect communication skills, abilities and behaviour of an individual ? How may they react as a result of these factors? Answer: Factors that can affect communication skills, abilities and behaviour of an individual are: – Physical Impairments – visual and hearing – Language barriers – accents, different language – Cognitive or sensory impairments – learning difficulties, memory loss, – Illness – dementia, stroke – Environmental problems – poor lighting, noisy environments If this happens, the individual in question becomes withdrawn from others around them, isolated from others. This may affect his self-esteem and self-confidence negatively. That individual may also become confused, angry and frustrated. 12  If you were trying to have a conversation with an individual how would you arrange the environment and position yourself to communicate effectively? Answer: First of all, I have to make sure that there isn’t any background noise that could make the communication difficult. Then, another important step to achieve effective communication with individuals is arranging the environment to aid communication. Here are some factors that can hinder or disturb good communication: – Poor lighting, because individuals with poor sight are unable to see you – Background noise from the radio, other individuals, TV and so on – Obstacles between me, the care worker, and the individual, for example furniture and household items – Insufficient distance to keep appropriate space within me and the individual to avoid encroaching or invading on their personal space 13, 14  Describe some conflicts that might occur as a result of communication difficulties. How would you deal with these conflicts? Answer: Some of the conflicts that might occur as a result of communication difficulties are: individuals can become frustrated and isolated when the  communication between themselves and their workers is encountering problems. These problems or dilemmas are sometimes the result of: – a difference in the language spoken by the service user and the worker – the service user has visual impairments or hearing difficulties – the individual might have a physical illness or disability – either physical disability or learning disability. There are many ways to solve the conflicts that might occur. It depends on the nature of the problem. For example, for: †¢ Language differences: If there are conflicts due to language differences, then an interpreter will be appropriate for any serious discussions or communications. Efforts should be made to learn a few important words to communicate with the individual or teach the individual some words in the workers language if they are willing to facilitate communication. Non verbal communication will be an effective method in solving this kind of conflict. †¢ Hearing difficulties: Individual with hearing difficulties need to be assisted to ensure their hearing aids are working and fitted properly. It would be necessary that a worker will assist the individual to clean the equipment, change the batteries when appropriate. Workers will also need to give the client the appropriate space and communication pace that would make communication effective. If the need arises words can be written down for clarity. The use of signs and telecommunication services such as type talk service are very useful. †¢ Visual difficulties: Individual with visual difficulties need to be provided with glasses or contact lenses so they can observe non verbal communication. This will prevent misunderstandings during communication with people. †¢ Physical disabilities: Communications with individuals in this category will be according to the type of physical disability or illness. If the illness has affected the individual’s ability to speak and understand, for instance a stroke then the use of short, simple sentences, gestures, writing and drawing or using flash cards, the use of closed questions which only need â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† should be useful. †¢ Some illness do not affect the client’s understanding, so there is no need to speak slowly but will need to be patient to receive a response as the client might have difficulty with their speech e.g. stroke. †¢ Learning disabilities: The method of communication will depend on the level of the disability. I will need to communicate at the pace and space suitable for the client. Physical contacts are of an advantage to be used along with  verbal communication. †¢ Cultural differences: People have different cultural backgrounds, therefore it is necessary to find out from the individuals their communication preferences or alternatively check their care plan records o r ask people such as their family, friends, colleagues or key people who have worked with them. 15, 16  When communicating difficult, sensitive or complex messages, how might your style of communication alter? What type of environment would be most appropriate for this sort of communication ? Answer: Communicating with individuals who are distressed or upset due to bereavement this could be sensitive, complex or difficult. In this situation, I will ask if the person would want to discuss any concerns with me or maybe another person of their choice. I can use non verbal communication while been a good listener such as making good eye contact with the individual as she talks, which will depict that I’m willing to listen. If the client is displaying a behaviour that dictates that they are able to put others or themselves at risk, then I might need to involve the attention of appropriate members of the care team. For this sort of communication, the environment must be comfortable and appropriate. I would come across times when I need to discuss matters with individuals that are referred to as sensitive issues. If an individual needs to discuss his personal needs with me, I have to ensure that he feels comfortable and encouraged to communicate these issues. On the other hand, I might want to discuss with the service user about their changing needs such as diet, incontinence, mobility and so on. Communicating bad news, like a bereavement of a spouse or close person to the individual will also require certain communication skills. The things that should take into account are: †¢ Remember individuals have a right to their privacy, therefore the immediate environment should be arranged to ensure privacy. For example a client’s bedroom or apartament should be free from visitors at the time. †¢ Individual’s preferred method of communication should be made available. †¢ Communication should be made at the pace of the individual, giving enough time for both of us to understand the content of the communication. †¢ Observe and respond appropriately to reactions fromà ‚  individuals. 17  Who do you need to gain permission from to access records and why ? Answer: I need to gain permission of my manager or client to access records. Accessing information will help me to improve my practice and also my responsibility. Within the organization there should be relevant documents to access information or if I work with individuals in their own home the care plan should contain useful information. 18  Define the following words: a) Fact b) Opinion c) Judgement Why is it important that you aware of the difference of these words when reporting and recording information about individuals ? Answer: a) A fact is a true statement that cannot be disputed, knowledge or information based on real occurrences; something demonstrated to exist or known to have existed. b) An opinion is a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty- it is the result of emotion or interpretation of facts, a subjective statement or thought about an issue or topic. An opinion may be supported by an argument, although people may draw opposing opinions from the same set of facts. c) A judgement is a cognitive process of reaching a decision or drawing conclusions. Judgments are also personal and developed from experience; they differ from person to person. For example, if a client is dying and all the symptoms and signs show the evidence, reports and records should show these facts. On the other hand if the client only refused to talk, people might have different opinions and judgments to explain the reason. Records and reports will need to be verified to deduce the correct and most suitable reason. It is important to aware of the difference of these words when reporting and recording information about individuals because I have the responsabiliy to provide seamless services for individuals, and this thing can be done only if the  information is correct, precise.

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